References:

1. Epicurus, Hellenistic period (341-271 BCE), believed that by focusing on the natural things that are important for humans, we can achieve ataraxia - tranquillity.

Definition: Related to the highest good for humankind.

Insights:

1. The "highest good" according to Aristotle must be something valuable in its own right, rather than a means to an end.

Examples:

1. Enough as the virtue between deficiency and excess.
2. Vice: Greed, Virtue: Generosity, Vice: Wastefulness.
3. Vice: Cowardice, Virtue: Courage, Vice: Rashness.

References:

1. Aristotle developed the golden mean as a way to think about virtues as the balance between two extremes.

Biography:

1. Lived from 333-264 BCE

Insights:

1. According to the Stoic school, there exists a fire or breath (pneuma) in the natural world that produces a rational and morally good order (cosmos). This natural law can be grasped through right reasoning, with a community of moral beings called a cosmopolis.